Strategy

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Act”) was enacted into law on December 22, 2017.  Understanding the implications of this tax reform legislation will be critical in developing a successful total remuneration strategy.  This article summarizes the key provisions of the Act that will significantly impact various components of an employer’s compensation program – namely, executive compensation, equity awards, qualified retirement plans, fringe benefits, payroll taxes, and employment-related credits – and provides insights on how these changes may influence plan designs.  Since the tax rate cuts and the provisions described below are scheduled to commence in the first taxable year beginning after December 31, 2017 (unless otherwise noted), employers should immediately assess their total rewards strategies in this tax reform environment. 

Companies required to file financial statements with the Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) must determine, pursuant to ASC 740, the impact of these tax law changes in their provision for income taxes. The SEC issued SAB 118 that provides guidance to employers that cannot complete the analysis of tax law impact before the issuance of its financial statements, including the allowance of a provisional amount based on a reasonable estimate, to the extent an estimate can be made, with subsequent adjustment during a specified measurement period. The measurement period begins in the reporting period that includes December 22, 2017, and ends when an entity has obtained, prepared, and analyzed the information needed to comply, but no later than December 22, 2018.  During the measurement period, the entity should be acting in good faith to complete accounting under ASC Topic 740.

Executive Compensation

Section 162(m) - $1 Million Deduction Limitation

Prior Law

Tax Reform

A publicly held corporation generally cannot deduct more than $1 million of compensation in a taxable year for each “covered employee,” unless the pay is excepted from this limit.

Covered employees are the corporation’s CEO as of the close of the taxable year, or any employee whose total compensation is required to be reported to shareholders by reason of being among the 3 most highly compensated employees for the taxable year (other than the CEO or CFO).

Certain types of compensation are not subject to the deduction limitation: (i) performance-based compensation; (ii) commissions; (iii) deferred compensation paid after a person ceases to be a covered employee; (iv) tax-favored retirement plans (including salary deferrals); and (v) fringe benefits excluded from income.

To qualify for the performance-based compensation exception, the compensation must meet certain criteria, including pre-established and objective performance goals certified by a compensation committee composed of outside directors under a program approved by shareholders. Stock options and stock appreciation rights with an exercise price not less than fair market value on date of grant qualify as performance-based compensation, provided the outside directors and shareholder approval requirements are met.

Repeals performance-based and commission-based exceptions to the $1 million deduction limitation.

Modifies the definition of “covered employees” to include: (i) any person serving as the PEO or PFO at any time during the taxable year; and (ii) the 3 highest compensated officers (excluding the PEO and PFO) reported in the SEC executive compensation disclosures.

Continues to apply the deduction limit to former covered employees and their beneficiaries.

Certain types of compensation are not subject to the deduction limitation: (i) tax-favored retirement plans (including salary deferrals); (ii) fringe benefits excluded from income; and (iii) compensation payable under a written binding contract in effect on November 2, 2017, and not materially modified thereafter.

Extends the $1 million deduction limit to all domestic publicly traded corporations, and all foreign companies publicly traded through ADRs.

 

 

MFA Insights: Although performance-based pay is no longer deductible, there are many other reasons for public companies to continue tying pay to performance.  Such pay structures align management’s interests with those of the shareholders, the performance metrics serve as a basis for justifying the executives’ pay in the shareholder disclosures, and the institutional investment community – consisting of large pension funds and mutual fund companies, as well as proxy advisors – will continue to insist on “pay-for-performance” structures.  However, employers now have more flexibility to design such programs since the rigid rules to qualify for the performance-based pay deduction no longer apply.  For example, companies may establish subjective performance goals, whereas prior deduction rules required objective goals determined by a formula; or companies may increase the payout in their discretion, whereas prior deduction rules only allowed discretion to reduce the payout.

The Act realigns the definition of “covered employees” under Section 162(m) with the “named executive officers” under the current SEC executive compensation disclosure rules – including reference to the CEO and CFO as the principal executive officer (PEO) and principal financial officer (PFO).  Under the modified definition, once an employee qualifies as a covered person, the deduction limitation would apply to that person for federal tax purposes so long as the corporation pays compensation to such person (or to any beneficiaries).  Companies will need to maintain lists of covered employees over time and track their compensation into the future (e.g., severance installments, deferred compensation, option exercises, ISO disqualified dispositions, etc.).

Through proper planning, it may be possible to minimize the impact of the deduction limitation by delaying the timing of the income inclusion, which will require planning around the deferred compensation rules of Section 409A.  However, an employer’s objective to preserve its deduction may be at odds with an executive’s desire to receive income earlier.  
 
The Act expands the application of Section 162(m) beyond all domestic publicly traded corporations.  Now all foreign companies publicly traded through ADRs and certain corporations that are not publicly traded are subject to Section 162(m).  Such non-listed corporations have more than $10 million in assets and at least 2,000 shareholders (or at least 500 shareholders who are “non-accredited” investors).  Accredited investors include executive officers, directors and individuals meeting specified income or net worth tests.  The 2,000 (or 500) shareholder count excludes equity plan shareholders.  Accordingly large private C or S corporations may be subject to Section 162(m).

Under transition rules, companies subject to the deduction limitation may continue deducting any performance-based compensation paid to a covered employee pursuant to a written binding contract that was in effect on November 2, 2017, and not materially modified on or after such date. Based on the legislative history, it is unclear if this transition rule applies only to stock option grants made before that date or to all grants made under the stock option plan itself, such that any underlying option agreements entered into after November 2, 2017, would also be grandfathered.   If the latter, the ability to grant grandfathered options would extend until the earlier of the expiration of the plan’s term or the depletion of its share reserve.  Clarifying guidance is expected regarding this transition rule.

 

Excise Tax on Excess Tax-Exempt Organization Executive Compensation

Tax-exempt organizations (governmental and non-governmental) are subject to a 21 percent excise tax on (i) compensation in excess of $1 million paid during the organization’s taxable year to any of their covered employees; plus (ii) any excess parachute payment paid by such organizations to a covered employee.

A “covered employee” is an employee (including any former employee) of the tax-exempt organization who is one of the 5 highest compensated employees of the organization for the taxable year or was a covered employee of the organization (or any predecessor) for any preceding taxable year after 2016.

“Compensation” means wages (as defined for federal income tax withholding purposes), paid by the employing organization or any person or governmental entity related to the tax-exempt organization. However, compensation does not include any designated Roth contributions. Compensation is treated as paid when there is no substantial risk of forfeiture of the rights to such pay and includes amounts required to be included in income under Section 457(f).

A “parachute payment” is compensation to a covered employee that is contingent on such individual’s separation from employment and the aggregate present value of all such payments equals or exceeds three times the base amount (i.e., the average annualized compensation includible in the covered employee’s gross income for the 5 taxable years ending before the employee’s separation from employment). Parachute payments do not include payments under a tax-favored retirement plan or an eligible deferred compensation plan of a governmental employer. For purposes of the parachute payment, the covered person must be a highly compensated employee whose annual compensation in the prior year exceeded an indexed threshold (e.g., $120,000 for 2017).

An “excess parachute payment” is the amount by which any parachute payment exceeds the portion of the base amount allocated to the payment.

 

MFA Insights: The Act imposes limits on executive compensation of tax-exempt organizations, which are parallel to limitations facing for-profit corporations under Sections 162(m) and 280G.  However, the penalty for excessive compensation or severance is in the form of a 21 percent excise tax on the organization, rather than a deduction loss.       

Notably, the 21 percent excise tax applies as a result of an excess parachute payment, even if the covered employee’s compensation does not exceed $1 million for the taxable year.  Section 280G calculations will be necessary to determine if the excise tax applies to the severance payments for any covered employee.  Preliminary calculations could be useful to identify strategies to avoid the penalty in future years, such as increasing the base amount through bonuses paid more than one year prior to the termination of employment.  Under proposed Section 457(f) regulations, tax-exempt organizations may defer payout of severance in connection with a noncompete covenant.  It is unclear if organizations may use noncompete covenant valuations to reduce the parachute payments – a strategy for-profit corporations typically employ to mitigate the adverse tax consequences of Section 280G.

It is uncertain if the 5 highest paid employees of a governmental entity is determined on an agency basis.

Equity Compensation

Qualified Equity Grants

Privately held corporations that provide broad-based equity plans (at least 80 percent of full-time US employees receive stock options or restricted stock units with the same rights and privileges) may allow employees to elect to defer the income inclusion for compensation attributable to stock acquired from the exercise of a stock option or settlement of an RSU for 5 years (or an earlier event, such as an IPO, revocation of the election, or becoming an excluded employee).

Excluded employees may not make a deferral election. Excluded employees are (i) one percent owners at any during the current year or 10 preceding calendar years; (ii) CEO and CFO during the current year or any prior time; (iii) persons related to individuals described in (i) and (ii) through attribution rules; (iv) one of the four highest compensated officers of the corporation (based on the SEC’s shareholder disclosure rules for compensation) during the current year or 10 preceding calendar years.

A deferral election is not permitted if (i) a Section 83(b) election was previously made; (ii) the stock was previously traded on an established market; or (iii) certain stock redemptions by the corporation occurred in the preceding year.

The employee agrees in the new Section 83(i) election to satisfy the tax withholding requirements at the end of the deferral period. The Section 83(i) election is made, in a similar manner to a Section 83(b) election within 30 days after vesting in the stock.

The amount included in income at the end of the deferral period is based on the value of the stock at the time the employee’s right to the stock first becomes substantially vested (even if the stock declined during the deferral period). The amount to be included will be treated as a non-cash benefit, but is subjected to withholding at the highest income tax rate applicable to individual taxpayers, 37 percent under the Tax Act.

Subject to a $100 penalty for each failure, employers must notify eligible employees of the deferral opportunity at the time (or a reasonable period before) the income would be taxable under the general rules of Section 83(a). The penalty is limited $50,000 for a calendar year.

The employer reports on Form W-2, the amount of income covered by a deferral election (i) in the year of deferral and (ii) for the year income is required to be included in the employee’s income. In addition, the employer must report on Form W-2 the aggregate amount of income covered by deferral elections, as of the close of the calendar year.

 

MFA Insights: The new Section 83(i) election is designed to assist non-owners, other than the CEO and CFO of privately owned corporations, pay the income taxes without having to sell a stake in the employer. Notably, the liquidity concerns still exist for Social Security and Medicare tax withholdings due upon vesting, as well as the federal income taxes that become due at the end of the deferral period.

The requirement to withhold at the maximum rate, currently at 37%, is likely to result in over-withholding on rank and file employees (the majority of individuals eligible for deferral).  Under prior law, the mandatory maximum withholding rate was exclusively reserved for employees whose supplemental wages exceed $1 million during the calendar year.   

The employer’s deduction is deferred until the employer’s taxable year in which or with which ends the taxable year of the employee for which the amount is included in the employee’s income.

If the deferral election is made in connection with the exercise of employee stock purchase plans (ESPPs) or incentive stock options (ISOs), the options would cease to qualify as statutory options and would instead be treated as nonqualified stock options subject to federal income tax withholding and FICA taxes.  

The deferrals will be exempt from Section 409A, broadly governing deferred compensation.

 

Fringe Benefits

Achievement Awards

Prior Law

Tax Reform

An employee achievement award is an item of tangible personal property given to an employee in recognition of length of service or safety achievement and presented as part of a meaningful presentation. Such award is excluded from an employee’s income if its cost is deductible to the employer. Under a qualified plan, the employer may deduct the cost of providing the awards if the average cost of all awards for the year (except those costing less than $50) do not exceed $400; and the maximum deduction allowed for any one employee is $1,600 per year. Under a nonqualified plan, the employer is limited to a total deduction of $400 per employee per year.

If the achievement award exceeds the limit on the employer’s deductibility, the amount generally included in an employee’s is the difference between the employer’s cost and the deduction limitation.

Clarifies that “tangible personal property” does not include the following items:

  • Cash and cash equivalents such as gift cards and gift certificates (other than arrangements conferring only the right to select tangible personal property from a limited array of items pre-selected and pre-approved by the employer);
  • Non-tangible personal property such as vacations, meals, lodging, tickets to theater or sporting events, stocks, bonds, other securities, and other similar items.

 

 

MFA Insights: While cash or cash equivalents were never excludable from an employee’s income, the Act clarifies that non-tangible personal property will receive the same treatment as cash, which is consistent with prior rules.  Employers that fulfill the tradition of providing the “gold watch” upon retirement may continue to do so under the previously existing deduction and exclusion rules.

 

Qualified Bicycle Commuting Reimbursement

Prior Law

Tax Reform

Qualified bicycle commuting reimbursement of up to $20 per “qualifying bicycle commuting month” are excludible from an employee’s gross income. A qualifying bicycle commuting month is any month in which an employee regularly uses the bicycle for a substantial portion of travel to a place of employment (and during which month the employee does not receive other qualified transportation benefits).

Qualified reimbursement are any amount received from an employer during a 15-month period beginning with the first day of the calendar moth as payment of reasonable expenses during a calendar year (e.g., purchase, of a bicycle, repair, storage).

Although this qualified bicycle commuting reimbursements are excluded from an employees’ income, employers may deduct the cost of such fringe benefit.

 

Suspends the exclusion from gross income and wages for qualified commuting reimbursements for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017, and before January 1, 2026.

A deduction will continue to apply for qualified bicycle commuting reimbursements for any amounts paid or incurred for taxable years after December 31, 2017, and before January 1, 2026.

 

MFA Insights: Employers that continue to provide bicycle commuting reimbursements are entitled to a compensation deduction for such reimbursements, which are included in their employees’ income during the suspension period, 2018-2025.

 

Qualified Transportation Fringe Benefits

Prior Law

Tax Reform

Qualified transportation fringe benefits, including transit passes, qualified parking, van pool benefits and qualified bicycle commuting reimbursements are excluded from employee’s income (up to specified limits), while employers may deduct the cost of such fringe benefits.

No deduction shall be allowed for any expense incurred for providing any transportation, or any payment or reimbursement to an employee, in connection with travel between the employee’s residence and place of employment, except as necessary for ensuring the safety of the employee.

 

MFA Insights: The Act does not repeal the employee’s exclusion from income.  Therefore, qualified parking and transportation fringe benefits (e.g., making a commuter highway vehicle available for employees, purchase of transit passes, vouchers or fare cards, or reimbursement for such items by the employer) continue to be excluded from the employee’s income, notwithstanding the employer’s inability to deduct such costs. Presumably, an employee’s pre-tax contributions to a qualified transportation fringe benefit plan are also nondeductible by the employer.  It remains to be seen if employers will cease transportation fringe benefits which do not qualify for an income tax deduction or continue such benefits to provide competitive employee benefit packages for recruitment purposes.  

In accordance with previously existing regulations, in the event of an unsafe environment (i.e., conditions that, under the facts and circumstances, would cause a reasonable person to consider it unsafe to walk to or from work, or walk to or use public transportation at the time of the employee’s commute), an employer may provide local transportation for the employee and deduct such costs. However, the value of such benefit must be included in the employee’s income at a rate of $1.50 each way.

 

Qualified Moving Expenses

Prior Law

Tax Reform

Gross income excludes the value of any moving expense reimbursement received, directly or indirectly, by an individual from an employer as payment or reimbursement for expenses which would be deductible as moving expenses if directly paid or incurred by the employee.

Suspends the exclusion for qualified moving expense reimbursements for taxable years after December 31, 2017, and before January 1, 2026. However, the moving expense exclusion continues to apply for members of the Armed Forces on active duty who relocate pursuant to military orders.

 

MFA Insights: Under prior law, employer payments for nondeductible moving expenses were included in the employee’s income (e.g., house hunting expenses, real estate expenses incurred for selling/buying a residence); while employer payments for deductible moving expenses were excluded from income (e.g., transportation of household goods).  Under the Act, nonmilitary individuals are no longer allowed to deduct moving expenses on their federal income tax return (for 2018 through 2025)  and the employer-paid moving expenses are includible in their income.  For the eight-year period, all moving expenses will be treated the same – nondeductible.

Accordingly, all moving expenses are reportable to employees as taxable compensation and deductible by the employer. 

Employer-paid moving expenses facilitate the national and global recruitment of executives and high-skilled talent that are not available in the regional location of the employer.  The loss of this benefit will add a premium to recruiting for employers who provide a tax gross-up to incentivize the employee to relocate, particularly for relocations abroad.  Companies will have to adjust their relocation packages.  Alternatively, this provision may result in an increase in telecommuting arrangements in lieu of relocations.

 

Entertainment Expenses

Prior Law

Tax Reform

Generally, no deduction is allowed for expenses relating to entertainment, amusement or recreation activities or facilities (including membership dues with respect to such activities or facilities), unless such meet the “directly-related-to” or “associated-with” the active conduct of the employer’s trade or business test. Additionally, an employer may deduct expenses for goods, services, and facilities, provided that such expenses are reported as compensation to an employee (or nonemployee). To the extent the employer’s entertainment expense exceeds the amount imputed in income of a “specified individual” (officer, director, 10-percent owner), the employer’s deduction is limited to the amount included in income.

Repeals the “directly-related-to” or “associated-with” exceptions to the deduction disallowance for entertainment, amusement or recreation expenses.

No deduction would be allowed for entertainment, amusement or recreation activities, facilities, or membership dues related to such activities.

 

MFA Insights: The new law eliminates any ambiguity as to whether the entertainment expense meets the “directly-related-to” or “associated-with” test, since no deduction is allowed in absence of income inclusion to employees.

Employers that provide certain perquisites to executives (e.g., golf and country club memberships, entertainment travel aboard corporate jet) face a tradeoff between lost deductions for the company or income inclusion for the executives.

The Act treats all employees the same as officers, directors and 10-percent owners (“specified individuals”).  Under prior law, an employer’s deduction was the lesser of the cost of providing the entertainment benefit or the amount included in the specified individual’s income, while such entertainment costs for non-specified employees were fully deductible without regard to the amount included in their income.  For example, an employee’s income inclusion for personal use of a corporate jet is valued using the IRS’s standard industry fare level (SIFL) rates, which are often significantly less than the aircraft costs allocated to the flight.  Under the Act, an employer may only deduct the amount reported to the employee as compensation and loses a deduction for any excess cost allocated to the entertainment benefit provided to any employee.   

 

50 Percent Deduction Limitations on Meals

Prior Law

Tax Reform

Section 274(n) imposes a 50 percent limitation on the deduction of meal expenses, unless an exception applies. Section 274(n)(2)(B) provides that the 50 percent limitation does not apply if a meal qualifies as a de minimis fringe benefit and meets certain requirements under Section 132(e) and corresponding regulations. Specifically, the eating facility is located on or near the employer’s business premises; such facility is owned/leased and operated by the employer; access to the facility is available to employees in a nondiscriminatory manner; meals are provided during or immediately before or after the employees’ workday; and meals are furnished for the convenience of the employer.

Food and beverage expenses incurred and paid after December 31, 2017, and until December 31, 2025, through an employer’s eating facility that meets requirements for de minimis fringes and for the convenience of the employer are subject to a 50 percent deduction limitation. No deduction is allowed for these food and beverage expenses for tax years beginning after December 31, 2025.

Off premises entertainment meals are nondeductible for tax years after December 31, 2017.

 

MFA Insights: The Act phases out the deduction for meals provided to employees on or near an employer’s premises for the convenience of the employer which were fully deductible under prior law.  For 2018 through 2025 the expenses are 50 percent deductible and nondeductible after 2025.

Meals incurred for business travel are not considered entertainment meals and therefore continue to be 50 percent deductible. Business travel generally entails travel away from the general area where the employee’s main place of business or work is located.

 

Affordable Care Act – Repeal of Individual Mandate

Prior Law

Tax Reform

Individuals must be covered by a health plan that provides minimum essential coverage or be subject to a penalty for failure to maintain the coverage (the “individual mandate”).

The penalty for any calendar month is 1/12thof an annual amount. The annual amount is generally equal $695 for 2017 (and $347.50 for each dependent under age 18), subject to a cap.

Exemptions from the requirement to maintain minimum essential coverage are provided based on (1) ability to afford coverage, (2) member of an Indian tribe, (3) recognized religious sects, (4) individuals with a coverage gap for a continuous period less than 3 months, and 5) individuals who suffered a hardship.

The Act reduces the individual mandate penalty to zero for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2018.

 

MFA Insights: The elimination of the penalty for a violation of the individual mandate for taxable years may indirectly impact employers in several ways. 

First, the reporting requirements for employers may change after 2018.  Specifically, Part III of Form 1095-C and Form 1095-B that provide information to enforce the individual mandate, serve no purpose as long as the individual mandate is zero.   Accordingly, future guidance may relieve employers with self-insured plans from reporting the employees and dependents covered each month under the plan for years beginning after 2018.  

Third, without the penalty, full-time employees who purchase insurance on the Exchange and receive a federal subsidy may drop coverage, thereby reducing penalties for employers whose coverage was not affordable to such employees. 

 

Retirement Plans

Plan Loan Offsets

Prior Law

Tax Reform

Upon a “loan offset,” the plan reduces the participant’s vested accrued benefit (the security interest held by the plan) to satisfy loan repayment, provided the participant is eligible to receive a distribution (e.g., separation from employment, in-service distribution after age 59 ½). This is treated as an actual distribution of the participant’s benefit.

To avoid taxation on the loan receivable, the participant may rollover the amount to an IRA or another retirement plan within 60 days after the offset by transferring cash to the IRA or other plan.

Upon plan termination or a participant’s separation from employment while the participant has an outstanding plan loans, the participant would have until the due date (including extensions) for filing his or her individual income tax return for that year to contribute the balance to an IRA or a new employer’s retirement plan in order to avoid the loan being taxed as a distribution.

 

MFA Insights: Some plan provisions require outstanding loans to be completely paid after termination of employment to avoid having to collect repayments outside of payroll.  A participant may defer taxation by making a timely rollover of an outstanding loan.  Under the Act, a participant can complete the rollover of the loan by contributing cash equal to the loan balance to an individual retirement account (IRA) or an eligible retirement plan of the participant’s new employer by the due date (including extensions) of the individual’s income tax return for the year in which the loan offset occurred.  Alternatively, under previously existing rules, the participant may avoid triggering a loan offset by rolling over the promissory note to another eligible retirement plan with a loan program that accepts the note.  A direct rollover of the note to an IRA is not permissible, because it is a prohibited transaction for an IRA to lend money to the IRA owner. 

 

Use of Retirement Plans for 2016 Disaster Areas

A “qualified 2016 disaster distribution” is a distribution from an eligible retirement plan made on or after January 1, 2016, and before January 1, 2018, to an individual whose principal residence at any time during 2016 was located in a 2016 disaster area and who has sustained an economic loss by such events.

Eligible retirement plans included qualified retirement plans, 403(b) plans and governmental 457(b) plans.

The total amount of the distribution cannot exceed $100,000 during the applicable period, and is not subject to the 10 percent early withdrawal tax. Any amount required to be included in income as a result of such distribution is included in income ratably over the three-year period beginning with the year of distribution, unless the individual elects not to have ratable inclusion apply.

The individual may, at any time during the 3-year period, recontribute all or a portion of the 2016 disaster distribution to an eligible retirement plan. The individual may file an amended return to claim a refund of the tax attributable to the amount previously included in income. If under the ratable inclusion provision, a portion of the distribution has not yet been included in income at the time of contribution, the remaining amount is not includible in income.

 

MFA Insights: This provision can apply to distributions already made during 2016 and 2017 provided the written plan is amended with retroactive effect on or before the last day of the first plan year beginning on or after January 1, 2018 (i.e., by December 31, 2018 for calendar year plans).  These distributions are an alternative to plan loans and hardship distributions

By virtue of the retroactive amendment to January 1, 2016, presumably any hardship withdrawals claimed in connection with the 2016 Disaster Areas may be recharacterized as disaster distributions to enable participants to take advantage of the three-year income inclusion, waiver of the early withdrawal penalty and ability to restore amounts to the retirement plan. 

 

Payroll Taxes

Supplemental Wage Withholding

Prior Law

Tax Reform

If supplemental wages paid to an employee (or former employee) during a calendar year do not exceed $1 million, then the amount of the optional flat rate withholding method is one of two ways that federal income tax may be withheld.

Under the optional flat rate withholding method, the employer disregards any withholding allowances claimed or additional withholding amount requested by the employee on Form W-4 and withholds at the flat rate percentage.

Under the regulations, the optional flat rate was 25 percent (the rate in effect under Section 1(i)(2)).

If a supplemental wage payment, when added to the supplemental wage payments previously made by one employer to an employee during the calendar year exceeds $1 million, the rate used in determining the amount of withholding on the excess is equal to the highest rate of tax applicable under Section 1 (39.6 percent for 2017).

Suspends the Section 1(i)(2) rate reductions that applied to tax years after 2000.

The highest rate of tax applicable under Section 1 is reduced from 39.6 percent to 37 percent.

 

MFA Insights: The tax regulations required supplemental withholding at 25 percent (i.e., the rate in effect under Section 1(i)(2)) or 28 percent.  For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026, the Act effectively suspends Section 1(i)(2), which served as the basis for the 25% optional flat withholding rate   The change in law creates uncertainty of the correct withholding rate for employers that elect to use the optional flat rate withholding method for 2017 bonuses paid this year, vesting of restricted stock, exercises of options, and other supplemental wage payments.  Will the optional flat rate be 22 percent (since the flat rate has historically mapped to the third bracket rate in effect), stay at 25 percent, or default to the 28 percent stated within the tax regulations?  Since the optional flat withholding rate is set by regulations, employers should continue to apply the 25% rate pending further guidance by the IRS, which is expected to be released in January 2018.

 

Employment Related Credits 

Employer Credit for Paid Family and Medical Leave

The Act allows eligible employers to claim a credit equal to 12.5 percent of the amount of wages paid to qualifying employees during any period in which such employees are on family and medical leave if the rate of payment under the program is 50 percent of the wages normally paid to the employee. The credit is increased 0.25 percent (but not above 25 percent) for each percentage point by which the rate of pay exceeds 50 percent. The maximum amount of leave that may be taken into account for any employee in a taxable year is 12 weeks.

An eligible employer means any employer that has a written policy that allows all qualifying full-time employees at least 2 weeks of annual paid family and medical leave, and who allow part-time employees (customarily employed for fewer than 30 hours per week) a commensurate amount of leave on a pro rata basis.

A qualifying employee means any employee who has been employed with the employer for at least one year and whose compensation in the preceding year did not exceed 60 percent of the compensation threshold for highly compensated employees.

Family and medical leave is defined as leave described under the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA). If an employer provides paid leave as vacation, personal leave, or medical or sick leave, such paid leave would not be considered to be family and medical leave.

This program sunsets on December 31, 2019, such that the credit shall not apply to wages paid thereafter.

 

MFA Insights: Only four states – California, New Jersey, New York, and Rhode Island – currently offer paid family and medical leave.  All four state programs are funded through employee-paid payroll taxes and administered through respective disability programs.  For purposes of this federal credit, any leave which is paid by a state or local government or required by state or local law will not be taken into account in determining the amount of paid family and medical leave provided by the employer.

 

For more information on the matters discussed above, please contact us.